ROI calculatorDoes awareness training pay for itself?

Put your own numbers in and find out. Every step of the arithmetic is printed on the page, and the model runs two scenarios side by side — the one a vendor would show you, and the one the largest independent trial actually measured.

Ho et al., IEEE S&P 2025 · 19,500 employees · UC San Diego Health
No email required · Nothing leaves your browser · Sources cited in full
Same inputs, two answers — the assumption decides the signSAME INPUTS · TWO ANSWERSBREAK EVEN+$83,500Measured, continuousclick rate falls 40%−$12,500Annual compliance onlyclick rate falls 0%One assumption separates them. The tool shows you which one you are making.
Same inputs, two answers — the assumption decides the signSAME INPUTS · TWO ANSWERS+$83,500Measured−40% clicks−$12,500Annual only−0% clicksOne assumption separates them.

Run it on your numbers

Defaults are a mid-sized organisation already doing better than the published average. Replace them with yours — the two that move the answer most are the share of your people who click in a year and how often a click actually turns into something material.

Your numbers

People who receive email in your organisation.

People, not emails — the share of your workforce that falls for at least one phishing link over twelve months. This is the same quantity as a phish-prone rate, so KnowBe4's 33.2% baseline drops straight in. The default of 12% assumes an organisation already doing better than that average.

Most clicks cost nothing — credentials are not reused, MFA holds, the payload fails. This is the most uncertain input on the page and it scales the answer linearly, so move it and see how much of your result rests on it.

Response, downtime, legal and notification. Your cyber-insurance broker can give you a sector figure; the default is deliberately well below published average breach costs.

Licence plus the internal time to run it. Include the hours, not just the invoice.

Step 1 — exposure, before any programme
Employees who click a phishing link this year
1,000 people × 12%
120
Material incidents per year
120 × 1.0%
1.20
Expected annual loss
1.20 × $200,000
$240,000
Step 2 — the only assumption that matters

Everything above is arithmetic on your own figures. This one number is a claim about the world, and it decides the entire answer. Move it and watch the result cross zero.

Vendor benchmarks sit high — KnowBe4 reports 33.2% falling to 4.2% over twelve months of combined training and simulation. The largest independent trial puts the honest floor at zero for annual compliance training. Both scenarios below use your inputs; they differ only in this number.

Scenario A
A measured, continuous programme

Assumes the programme cuts the click rate by 40% — the figure you set above.

Loss avoided
$96,000
Programme cost
− $12,500
Net, first year+$83,500
Scenario B
Annual compliance training only

Assumes a 0% fall in click rate. This is not pessimism: it is what the largest independent trial measured for the format most organisations actually run.

Loss avoided
$0
Programme cost
− $12,500
Net, first year$12,500

A negative result is a real output of this model, not an error. If this is your organisation’s situation, the programme as described does not pay for itself.

Nothing here is sent anywhere. The calculation runs in your browser, there is no form to fill in, and we do not see your inputs.

The model, written out

If you cannot check the arithmetic, the number is worthless. Here it is in full.

clicks = employees × share who click in a year
material incidents = clicks × chance a click turns material
expected annual loss = material incidents × cost of one incident
loss avoided = expected annual loss × relative fall in click rate
net, first year = loss avoided − (employees × programme cost per person)

Four of those five lines are arithmetic on figures you supply. Only one — the relative fall in click rate — is a claim about the world, and it is the line that decides whether the answer is positive or negative. That is why it has its own control and its own slider rather than being buried in a coefficient.

Note what is deliberately not in the model: a count of inbound phishing emails. A click rate is a share of people, and multiplying a share of people by a number of messages is a unit error that silently inflates every figure downstream. Combining the two honestly would need per-person repeat-exposure modelling, which this tool does not do — so it does not pretend to.

Where the numbers come from

Two published sources sit behind the two scenarios. Neither of them is us.

Scenario B — the floor
Ho et al., IEEE S&P 2025
An eight-month study of 19,500 employees at UC San Diego Health found no significant relationship between recently completing annual compliance training and failing a phishing simulation. Embedded post-click training moved failure by around two percentage points, and roughly three quarters of employees closed the training page within a minute. Read the paper.
Scenario A — the ceiling
KnowBe4 Phishing by Industry Benchmark
Across a large body of simulations, average phish-prone rates fall from 33.2% at baseline to 4.2% after twelve months of combined training and simulation — an ~87% relative fall. The calculator defaults to 40%, well below that, because a tool that assumes the best published case is not a tool. Both figures are shares of people, so 33.2% drops straight into the click-rate field above. See the benchmark.

The gap between those two findings is not a contradiction. One measured annual compliance modules; the other measured continuous testing paired with training. They are different interventions that share a name, which is exactly why a single industry-average ROI figure is meaningless and this tool refuses to print one.

What this tool will not do

Ask for your email
No gate, no newsletter opt-in, no “send me the report”. Your inputs never leave the browser.
Pretend to be precise
This is a model, not a measurement. It is useful for comparing decisions and sizing an argument — not for forecasting a specific year to the dollar.
Only tell you what we want to hear
Set the click-rate reduction to zero and the answer goes negative, including for a programme like ours. That case is in the default view, not hidden behind an advanced toggle.

Questions

What people ask before they trust a vendor's calculator.

Do I have to give you my email to see the result?

No. There is no form, no gate and no sign-up. The calculation runs entirely in your browser, and your inputs are never sent to us or to anyone else.

Why can this calculator produce a negative return?

Because that is sometimes the true answer. The largest independent trial of phishing training — 19,500 employees at UC San Diego Health, published at IEEE Symposium on Security & Privacy in 2025 — found no significant relationship between recently completing annual compliance training and failing a phishing simulation. If that is the programme you are costing, the honest model returns the licence fee as a loss.

Does that mean security awareness training does not work?

No, and the study does not say that either. It tested a specific low-engagement format: annual compliance modules and post-click pages that three quarters of employees closed inside a minute. What moves the number is continuous testing paired with training at the moment of failure. The distinction is the whole point of the two scenarios. We go through the evidence in detail here.

What figures should I put in if I do not know mine?

Start with the defaults and replace the click rate first — it is the one number you can measure directly, from your own simulation results. If you have never run one, KnowBe4's published baseline phish-prone rate of 33.2% is the right pessimistic starting point, and it plugs straight into that field because both are shares of people. The chance a click turns material is the most uncertain input; treat the result as a range, not a figure.

Can I use this in a board paper?

Yes, and we would rather you showed both scenarios than only the flattering one. The model is written out in full below so a sceptical CFO can check it line by line. Cite the sources we cite, not us.

The number is only as good as the measurement.

If the click rate you typed in was a guess, that is the first thing worth fixing. We can show you what yours actually is.

No email required to use the calculator · Sources cited in full